Prrs compendium producer edition

It assesses welfare during all phases of production - breeding, gestation, farrowing, nursery, and finishing. A: It gives them a uniform, producer-developed tool to help maintain market availability, or open up new marketing avenues, if those markets ask for information about animal welfare.

Food service and retail companies may want assurances about on-farm animal care practices. This raises the possibility that in order to have access to these markets through the packers that supply them, a producer might have to show compliance with the animal welfare guidelines of multiple companies, written by people not familiar with swine production. SWAP will provide a means of dealing with these requirements that is uniform, producer-developed, and tailored for implementation on the individual farm.

Even if a producer is not in a market in which the packer asks for animal welfare information, this tool will help them to evaluate and track their animals' welfare over time and possibly identify weaknesses in management, nutrition, or health programs before they become production problems. Finally, implementing the program will demonstrate the producers' commitment to their pigs' welfare to packers, food service,retailers, and consumers.

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Disclaimer This website www. In some cases, pigs escape infection for an extended period of time, even to the extent that seroconversion has been reported in young sows on farms using in-herd gilt replacements.

The presence of subpopulations of susceptible gilts or sows in endemically infected breeding herds partially explains periodic outbreaks of PRRS. Transmission between herds. Herd-to-herd transmission occurs, but is frequently recognized too long after the fact to make it possible to accurately determine the source of the virus. The primary source of herd-to-herd transmission is the introduction of infected animals.

Scott Dee University of Minnesota reported that of 10 farms surveyed, 8 had purchased breeding stock from the same source. The mechanism s of area spread are not clearly identified. Airborne virus was once thought to be the primary means of area spread, but extensive work with aerosols has not substantiated the role of aerosol transmission.

Flies and mosquitoes have been shown to transmit PRRS virus under experimental conditions, but whether insects move PRRS virus between herds in the field requires additional evidence. Because of its importance in the regional control of PRRS, area spread is currently an area of active investigation. Transmission by non-porcine species.

The role of non-porcine species in the epidemiology of PRRS virus is uncertain. Studies indicate that dogs, cats, skunks, raccoons, opossums, rats, mice, guinea pigs, house sparrows, and starlings are not susceptible to infection. Conflicting evidence exists regarding the susceptibility of avian species to PRRS virus.

PRRS virus has been recovered from mosquitoes and house flies captured in swine facilities, but the role of insects in the epidemiology of PRRS virus remains to be determined. Overall, infected pigs and virus-contaminated semen are the primary sources for introduction of PRRS virus into herds. Protective immunity to PRRS virus is a complex and unresolved issue.

It is clear that PRRS virus is able to modulate the immune response in such a way that conventional antibody and cell mediated responses are not sufficient to eliminate the virus. Infection with PRRS virus progresses from acute, to persistent, to convalescent and most pigs eventually clear the virus. However, the mechanism s for elimination of PRRS virus by the pig is unknown.

Previously, it was believed that neutralizing antibodies humoral immunity eliminated PRRS virus viremia during acute infection and that these antibodies, in concert with interferon gamma, eventually cleared persistent PRRS virus infection. However, recent studies suggest that neutralizing antibody is not the primary factor acting to eliminate viremia. The persistence of virus in tonsils and lymph nodes also argues against the effectiveness of neutralizing antibodies in eliminating the virus.

Paradoxically, there is also no correlation between T-cell responses cell-mediated immunity and the resolution of acute and persistent infections. This may partially explain why vaccination or prior infection is successful in reducing abortions and preventing infection of fetuses in the field. Overall, these observations suggest that protection against PRRS virus may be related to something other than immunity.

One possibility is that the infection is eliminated because macrophages become less permissive to PRRS virus. Under this hypothetical scenario, the immune response may actually be secondary in helping to eliminate the virus.

While it is known that pigs resist future infection with homologous strains of PRRS virus, there is much debate on whether this protection extends to all strains of PRRS virus.

Overall, significant challenges remain in understanding immunity and developing second generation vaccines to this virus. A variety of management strategies have been used to reduce clinical PRRS or stop the circulation of virus in susceptible populations of pigs.

Constant genetic change in the virus combined with a long-term carrier state and ambivalent immunity in the pig frequently confound attempts to control or eradication PRRS. Genetically diverse variants of PRRS virus often co-exist within the same farm and complicate the picture.

These factors work together to complicate long-term control measures. The most important component of a control program is the proper use of diagnostic tests to accurately determine the pattern of virus transmission within an infected production system. Serum samples for serologic profiling should be collected from the breeding herd across all parities, recently weaned pigs, 8- to week old nursery pigs, and 5- to 6-month old finishers.

Testing by parity may indicate whether programs need to focus on a specific subpopulation within the herd, such as gilts. It is important to use clinical observations and production records in conjunction with diagnostic data to understand the status of the sampled population. Once the pattern of virus spread and the age in which the pig is infected are determined, intervention strategies can be initiated.

Methods of achieving controlled PRRS virus infection are frequently based on increasing the level of herd immunity through vaccination, exposure of susceptible animals to infectious animals, or exposure of susceptible animals to virus-contaminated material collected from infected animals. Gilt development. Gilt development is an important component of a PRRS control program. Direct introduction of either susceptible or actively infected replacement stock into the breeding herd will result in clinical PRRS.

Therefore, a gilt development program should be established to properly prepare replacement stock for entry into the breeding herd. Essentially, gilt development consists of quarantine and acclimatization periods. If PRRS virus positive sources are employed, it is important to ensure that a change in source does not occur and that actively infected animals do not directly enter the recipient herd.

Generally, quarantine periods of 90 days or more are considered adequate. Quarantine facilities should function on an all in-all out basis. Several approaches are used:. Nursery depopulation.

Nursery depopulation consists of emptying all nursery rooms, washing and disinfecting, and allowing the facility to remain empty for 1 to 2 days. This strategy also can be applied to PRRS virus-infected finishing populations. Nursery depopulation ND is a cost-effective means to interrupt transmission of PRRS virus from older, infected pigs to those recently weaned.

Significant improvements in nursery pig daily gain, mortality, treatment cost, and profitability have been observed following implementation of ND. Despite such improvement, re-infection of nurseries with PRRS virus is a frequent event, often taking place 12 to 18 months following completion of the depopulation protocol.

Therefore, it has been speculated that the primary benefit of this strategy may be for the control of opportunistic pathogens, rather than PRRS virus.

The advantages of the protocol are its simplicity and low cost. Elimination of PRRS virus is possible through a number of methods, including whole herd depopulation-repopulation, test-and-removal and herd closure.

All methods are of equal efficacy in eliminating the current PRRS virus variant from the infected population; however, re-infection with a unrelated variant is a frequent event. Therefore, the implementation of strict biosecurity measures based on reported routes of PRRS virus transmission is essential.

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