In fact, most modern wind load specifications take account of wind load directionality and other effects in determining nominal design loads in some simplified form sbcci,; ASCe, Because they vary substantially over the surface of a building. As well as the structural systems such as trusses that experience loads from two surfaces are regimes of the building.

The wind loads applied to the MWFRS account for the large affects of time varying wind pressures on the surface are surfaces of the building. On a Smaller scale, pressures are somewhat greater on localized surface area of the building, particularly near abrupt changes in building geometry i.

These higher wind pressures occur on smaller areas, particularly affecting the loads borne by components and cladding e. Since the loads in the section 3. Design example 3. Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of ornamented styles. Yet as the of the movement lost influence in the late s, postmodernism developed as a reaction against the austerity of Modernism.

Assignment of wind speed is quite different compared to remaining loads. We have to define a load case prior to assignment. After designing wind load can be assigned in two ways 1. We designed our structure using second method which involves the calculation of wind load using wind speed. In Hyderabad we have a wind speed of 45 kmph for 10 m height and this value is used in calculation. After the assignment of wind load the structure looks as shown in figure 4.

Basic wind speed is based on peak just velocity averaged over a short time interval of about 3 seconds and corresponds to mean heights above ground level in an open terrain. Assignment of floor load is done by creating a load case for floor load. After the assignment of floor load our structure looks as shown in the below figure.

The intensity of the floor load taken is: 0. Because wind and seismic do not come at same time as per code. Structure is analyzed by taking all the above combinations. In general we have two types of beam: single and double. Similar to columns geometry and perimeters of the beams are assigned. Design beam command is assigned and analysis is carried out, now reinforcement details are taken. There are three types of reinforeced concrete beams 1. I cantilever beams reinforcing bars placed near the top of the beam, for the same reason as in the case of simply supported beam.

The necessity of steel of compression region arises due to two reasons. When depth of beam is restricted. The strength availability singly reinforced beam is in adequate.

At a support of continuous beam where bending moment changes sign such as situation may also arise in design of a beam circular in plan. Figure shows the bottom and top reinforcement details at three different sections. These calculations are interpreted manually. Fig 5. Deflection: Fig 5. Due to huge output data, output of a sample beam is shown below. AREA Sq. Provided 2 legged 8mm mm strirrups. Hence matched with staad output. A reinforced concrete column is said to be subjected to axially loaded when line of the resultant thrust of loads supported by column is coincident with the line of C.

G 0f the column I the longitudinal direction. Depending upon the architectural requirements and loads to be supported,R. C columns may be cast in various shapes i. Columns of L shaped or T shaped are also sometimes used in multistoried buildings. The longitudinal bars in columns help to bear the load in the combination with the concrete. The longitudinal bars are held in position by transverse reinforcement, or lateral binders.

The binders prevent displacement of longitudinal bars during concreting operation and also check the tendency of their buckling towards under loads. B The spacing between the column is governed by the lamination on spans of supported beams, as the spanning of the column decides the the span of the beam. As the span of the of the beam increases, the depth of the beam, and hence the self weight of the beam and the total. Effective length: The effective length of the column is defined as the length between the points of contraflexure of the buckled column.

The code has given certain values of the effective length for normal usage assuming idealized and conditions shown in appendix D of IS - table 24 A column may be classified based as follows based on the type of loading: 1 Axially loaded column 2 A column subjected to axial load and uneasily bending 3 A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending. In practice, a truly axially loaded column is rare ,if not nonexistent. Therefore, every column should be designed for a minimum eccentricity.

Where L is the unsupported length of the column see The cross section of the column generally increase from one floor to another floor due to the addition of both live and dead load from the top floors. Also the amount if load depends on number of beams the columns is connected to. As beam transfer half of the load to each column it is connected. The strength of column depends upon the strength of materials, shape and size of cross section, length and degree of proportional and dedicational restrains at its ends.

A column may be classify based on deferent criteria such as 1. The ratio of effective column length to least lateral dimension is released to as slenderness ratio. In our structure we have 3 types of columns. So create three types of column sections and assign to the respective columns depending on the connection. But in these structure we adopted same cross section throughout the structure with a rectangular cross section. In foundations we generally do not have circular columns if circular column is given it makes a circle by creating many lines to increase accuracy.

The column design is done by selecting the column and from geometry page assigns the dimensions of the columns. Now analyze the column for loads to see the reactions and total loads on the column by seeing the loads design column by giving appropriate parameters like 1.

Minimum reinforcement, max, bar sizes, maximum and minimum spicing. Select the appropriate design code and input design column command to all the column.

Now run analysis and select any column to collect the reinforcement details The following figure shows the reinforcement details of a beam in staad. The figure represents details regarding 1. Transverse reinforcement 2. Longitudinal reinforcement The type of bars to be used, amount of steel and loading on the column is represented in the below figure.

Fig 6. The main problem with staad is it takes all coloumns also as beams initially before design and continue the same. The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less 0.

The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter. Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not exceed mm. Provided main reinforcement : 20 - 12 dia 1.

Check for Transverse reinforcement : As per clause One way slab: One way slab are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth it can be simply supported beam or continuous beam. Two way slab: When slabs are supported to four sides two ways spanning action occurs. Such as slab are simply supported on any or continuous or all sides the deflections and bending moments are considerably reduces as compared to those in one way slab.

Checks: There is no need to check serviceability conditions, because design satisfying the span for depth ratio. Simply supported slab b. Fig 7. Slabs are designed based on yield theory This diagram shows the distribution of loads in two slabs. Figure 7. Now select the members to form slab and use form slab button. Now give the thickness of plate as 0.

Now similar to the above designs give the parameters based on code and assign design slab command and select the plates and assign commands to it. After analysis is carried out go to advanced slab design page and collect the reinforcement details of the slab. Assuming the thickness of slab as mm. Distribution reinforcement: As per IS clause If these loads are to be properly transmitted, foundations must be designed to prevent excessive settlement or rotation, to minimize differential settlement and to provide adequate safety against sliding and overturning.

Footing shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and forces and the induced reactions and to assure that any settlements which may occur will be as nearly uniform as possible and the safe bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded. Thickness at the edge of the footing: in reinforced and plain concrete footing at the edge shall be not less than mm for footing on the soil nor less than mm above the tops of the pile for footing on piles.

The total load per unit area under the footing must be less than the permissible bearing capacity of soil to the excessive settlements. These may be square rectangle are circular in plan that the choice of type of foundation to be used in a given situation depends on a number of factors. Bearing capacity of soil 2. Type of structure 3. Type of loads 4. In order to design footings we used staad foundation software. These are the types of foundations the software can deal.

Driller Pier The advantage of this software is even after the analysis of staad we can update the following properities if required.

After we import the loads the placement of columns is indicated in the figure. Fig 8. After the analysis detailed calculation of each and every footing is given with plan and elevation of footing including the manual calculation.

The following tables show the dimensions and reinforcement details of all the footings. Footing No. Isolated Footing 1 Fig 8. Otherwise, to account for uplift, areas of negative pressure will be set to zero and the pressure will be redistributed to remaining corners. The reinforcement is accepted. Based on spacing reinforcement increment; provided reinforcement is 10 Along X Axis For moment w. Based on spacing reinforcement increment; provided reinforcement is 8 The figure shows layout of foundations for each and every column.

Here we can observe that some of the footings coincide as they are very near, in such situations combined strap or cantilever is laid. Reinforcement details of column is shown below Fig 8. Details of each and every member can be obtained using staad pro. All the List of failed beams can be Obtained and also Better Section is given by the software. Accuracy is Improved by using software. References: 1. Theory of Structures by ramamrutham for literature review on kani,s method 2. Theory of structures by B.

Reinforced concrete Structures by a. Fundamentals of Reinforced concrete structure by N. Code Books 1. IS code book for design of beams, columns and slabs 2. SP for design of columns. For example, commercial roofs must have a larger load-bearing capacity than residential roofs often just because of the materials involved in their construction.

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One of the nice document you have made about structural design. I really like this one. Thanks for sharing with us. Thank you for taking time to educate especially our elite who always run away from detail building drawings and do short cut at their own perils. Engr Ubani, Great work! My only comment is that you loaded all spans with max load. I think it is necessary to do a critical load arrangement on the continous beam where the longer span is loaded with max load and short span with minimum load.

This will result in larger hogging moment in the midspan of the short span. This will also help in drawing a proper BM envelope for the beam and guide in the placement of reinforcement. Clearly, the main reinforcement will be placed at the top of the mid span for the short span while main reinforcement for the longer span will be placed at the bottom.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Structville is a media channel dedicated to civil engineering designs, tutorials, research, and general development. At Structville, we stop at nothing in giving you new dimensions to the profession of civil engineering. Arrangements of Rooms 1 Aspects Aspect means particular arrangement of doors and windows in external walls of residential building while environment to pass through it.

The important aspect in panning is not only providing the sunshine but also hygiene and eco-friendly environment. The room is based upon the allowance of air and light and referred to such particular aspect. As per the plan the different arrangements of room are shown below. All rights reserved by www. The loads are directly taken as provided in Indian Standard IS: Part 1 for dead load; Part 2 for live load; Part 3 for wind load As per IS: part II, the live loads for different types of rooms rested on ground floor is selected as.

Kitchen The dimensions of kitchen room are 3x2. First of all the forces are found in X, Y and Z- direction and there diagram are shown below. Where as in working state method which is widely followed in our country has factor of safety of 3 for concrete and 1. As amount of more concrete and steel, bigger areas can be seen in working stress method. As we can reduce out area by following limit state method and hence also proved as economical.

The aspects and prospects are made according to NBC of India, which gives various advantages over random arrangements. Earthquake resistant design of apartment building By Ashwin Poudel.